Novel Gene and Method for Producing L-Amino Acids

ABSTRACT

The present invention describes a bacterium which has an ability to produce an amino acid and in which the rhtC gene encoding a protein having an enhanced activity of imparting L-threonine resistance to a bacterium expressing the protein. Preferably, the bacterium further includes an rhtB gene encoding for a protein having an enhanced activity of imparting to a bacterium L-homoserine resistance expressing the protein. The present invention also describes a method of cultivating the bacterium in a culture medium to produce and accumulate amino acids in the medium, and the amino acid is recovered from the medium.

This application is a Continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/106,455, filed Apr. 15, 2005, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/466,935, filed Dec. 20, 1999, now abandoned, which claimed priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Russian Patent Application No. 98123511, filed Dec. 23, 1998, the entireties of which are incorporated by reference. Also, the Sequence Listing filed electronically herewith is hereby incorporated by reference (File name: 2016-06-17T_US-126C_Seq_List; File size: 11 KB; Date recorded: Jun. 17, 2016).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to biotechnology, and more specifically to a method for producing amino acids. The present invention more specifically relates to a method for producing L-homoserine, L-threonine, L-valine, or L-leucine using a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia.

2. Brief Description of the Related Art

The present inventors obtained, with respect to E. coli K-12, a mutant having a mutation, thrR (herein referred to as rhtA23) that confers resistance to high concentrations of threonine or homoserine in a minimal medium (Astaurova, O. B. et al., Appl. Bioch. And Microbiol., 21, 611-616 (1985)). The mutation resulted in improved production of L-threonine (SU Patent No. 974817), homoserine, and glutamate (Astaurova, O. B. et al., Appl. Bioch. And Microbiol., 27, 556-561, 1991) by the respective E. coli producing strains.

Furthermore, the present inventors have revealed that the rhtA gene exists at 18 min on E. coli chromosome, and that the rhtA gene is identical to the ORF1 between the pexB and ompX genes. The unit expressing a protein encoded by the ORF has been designated the rhtA (rht: resistance to homoserine and threonine) gene. The rhtA gene includes a 5′-noncoding region which includes a SD sequence, ORF1, and a terminator. Also, the present inventors have found that a wild-type rhtA gene imparts resistance to threonine and homoserine if cloned in a multicopy state, and that the rhtA23 mutation is an A-for-G substitution at position −1 with respect to the ATG start codon (ABSTRACTS of 17^(th) International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in conjugation with 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, San Francisco, Calif. Aug. 24-29, 1997, abstract No. 457).

During cloning of the rhtA gene, at least two different genes were found which impart threonine and homoserine resistance when in a multicopy state in E. coli. One is the rhtA gene, and the other gene was found to be the rhtB gene, which confers homoserine resistance (Russian Patent Application No. 98118425).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an amino acid, especially L-homoserine, L-threonine, and branched chain amino acids with a higher yield.

The inventors have found that a region at 86 min on the E. coli chromosome, when cloned into a multicopy vector, is able to impart resistance to L-homoserine to cells of E. coli. The inventors further found that there exists in the upstream region another gene, rhtC, which involves resistance to threonine, and that when these genes are amplified, the amino acid productivity of E. coli can be improved similar to the rhtA gene. On the basis of these findings, the present invention has been completed.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia, wherein L-threonine resistance of the bacterium is enhanced by enhancing an activity of a protein selected from the group consisting of:

(A) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; and

(B) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 which includes deletion, substitution, insertion or addition of one or several amino acids, and which has an activity of imparting resistance to L-threonine to a bacterium expressing the protein.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide the bacterium as described above, wherein L-homoserine resistance of the bacterium is further enhanced by enhancing an activity of protein selected from the group consisting of:

(C) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and

(D) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 which includes deletion, substitution, insertion or addition of one or several amino acids, and which has an activity of imparting resistance to L-homoserine to a bacterium expressing the protein.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide the bacterium as described above, wherein said activity is enhanced by transformation of the bacterium with DNA coding for the protein as defined above.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for producing an amino acid comprising cultivating said bacterium as defined above in a culture medium, and recovering said amino acid from the medium.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide the method as described above, wherein said amino acid is selected from the group consisting of L-homoserine, L-threonine, and branched chain amino acids.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide the method as described above wherein said branched chain amino acid comprises L-valine or L-leucine.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a DNA encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of:

(A) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4;

(B) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 which includes substitution, deletion, insertion, addition, or inversion of one or several amino acids, and has an activity of imparting L-threonine resistance to a bacterium expressing the protein.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide the DNA as described above which is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of numbers 187 to 804 in SEQ ID NO: 3; and

(b) a DNA which is able to hybridize with a nucleotide sequence of numbers 187 to 804 in SEQ ID NO: 3 or a probe prepared from the nucleotide sequence under stringent conditions, and encodes a protein having an activity of imparting L-threonine resistance to a bacterium expressing the protein.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide the DNA as described above wherein the stringent conditions comprise washing at 60° C., and at a salt concentration corresponding to 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the cloning and identification of rhtB and rhtC genes.

FIG. 2 shows the structure of the plasmid pRhtB which harbors the rhtB gene.

FIG. 3 shows the structure of the plasmid pRhtC which harbor the rhtC gene.

FIG. 4 shows the structure of the plasmid pRhtBC which harbors the rhtB and rhtC gene.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The DNA fragment coding for the protein as defined in (A) or (B) above may be referred to as the “rhtC gene,” a protein encoded by the rhtC gene may be referred to as the “RhtC protein,” the DNA coding for the protein as defined as (C) or (D) above may be referred to as the “rhtB gene,” a protein coded by the rhtB gene may be referred to as the “RhtB protein.” An activity of the RhtC protein of causing resistance to L-threonine in a bacterium (i.e. an activity of marking a bacterium having the RhtC protein L-threonine-resistant) may be referred to as “Rt activity,” and an activity of the RhtB protein of causing resistance to L-homoserine in a bacterium (i.e. an activity of marking a bacterium having the RhtB protein L-homoserine-resistant) may be referred to as “Rh activity.” A structural gene encoding the RhtC protein or RhtB protein may be referred to as the “rhtC structural gene” or “rhtB structural gene.” The phrase “enhancing the Rt activity or the Rh activity” means imparting resistance to threonine or homoserine to a bacterium or enhancing the resistance by increasing the number of molecules of the RhtC protein or RhtB protein. This is accomplished by increasing the specific activity of these proteins, or desensitizing negative regulation of the expression or activity of these proteins, or the like. The phrase “DNA coding for a protein” means a DNA whereby one of strands codes for the protein when the DNA is double-stranded. The L-threonine resistance means that a bacterium is able to grow on a minimal medium containing L-threonine at a concentration at which a wild-type strain thereof would not grow, usually at >30 mg/ml. The L-homoserine resistance means that a bacterium grows on a minimal medium containing L-homoserine at a concentration at which a wild-type strain thereof would not grow, usually at >5 mg/ml. The ability to produce an amino acid means that a bacterium is able to produce and cause accumulation of the amino acid in a medium in a larger amount than a wild-type strain thereof.

According to the present invention, resistance to threonine, or to threonine and homoserine at a high concentration, can be imparted to a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia. A bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia has increasing resistance to threonine, or to threonine and homoserine, and an ability to accumulate an amino acid, especially L-homoserine, L-threonine, or branched chain amino acids such as L-valine and L-leucine, in a medium with a high yield.

The present invention will be explained in detail below.

<1> DNA Used for the Present Invention

One of the DNA fragments of the present invention, the rhtC gene, codes for a protein having Rt activity and having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. Specifically, the DNA may be exemplified by a DNA comprising a nucleotide sequence of the numbers 187 to 804 of SEQ ID NO: 3.

Another DNA fragment of the present invention, the rhtB gene, codes for a protein having Rh activity and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Specifically, the DNA may be exemplified by a DNA comprising a nucleotide sequence of the numbers 557 to 1171 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

The rhtB gene having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponds to a part of a sequence complementary to the sequence of GenBank accession number M87049, and includes f138 (nucleotide numbers 61959-61543 of M87049) which is an ORF (open reading frame) present at 86 min on E. coli chromosome of unknown function, and the 5′- and 3′-flanking regions thereof. The f138, which had only 160 nucleotides in the 5′-flanking region, was not able to impart resistance to homoserine. No termination codon is present between the 62160 and 61959 nucleotides of M87049 (upstream to the ORF f138). Moreover, one of the ATG codons of this sequence is preceded by a ribosome-binding site (62171-62166 in M87049). Hence, the coding region is 201 bp longer. The larger ORF (nucleotide numbers 62160 to 61546 of M87049) is designated the rhtB gene.

The rhtB gene may be obtained, for example, by infecting an E. coli Mucts lysogenic strain using a lysate of a strain of E. coli such as K12 or W3110 using a mini-Mu d5005 phagemid method (Groisman, E. A., et al., J. Bacteriol., 168, 357-364 (1986)), and isolating phagemid DNAs from colonies which grow on a minimal medium containing kanamycin (40 μg/ml) and L-homoserine (10 mg/ml). As illustrated in the Example described below, the rhtB gene was mapped at 86 min on the chromosome of E. coli. Therefore, the DNA fragment containing the rhtB gene may be obtained from the chromosome of E. coli by colony hybridization or PCR (polymerase chain reaction, refer to White, T. J. et al, Trends Genet. 5, 185 (1989)) using oligonucleotide(s) which corresponding to a region near the portion at 86 min on the chromosome E. coli.

Alternatively, an oligonucleotide may be designed based on the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The entire coding region can be amplified by PCR using oligonucleotides as primers which have nucleotide sequences corresponding to an upstream region from the number 557 and a downstream region from the nucleotide number 1171 in SEQ ID NO: 1.

Synthesis of the oligonucleotides can be performed by an ordinary method such as a phosphoamidite method (see Tetrahedron Letters, 22, 1859 (1981)) by using a commercially available DNA synthesizer (for example, DNA Synthesizer Model 380B produced by Applied Biosystems). Furthermore, the PCR can be performed by using a commercially available PCR apparatus (for example, DNA Thermal Cycler Model PJ2000 produced by Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.) using Taq DNA polymerase (supplied by Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd.) in accordance with a method designated by the supplier.

The rhtC gene was obtained from the DNA fragment which contains the rhtB gene during the cloning of rhtB as described later in the examples. The rhtC gene corresponds to a corrected, as described below, sequence of 0128 (nucleotide numbers 60860-61480 of GeneBank accession number M87049) which is a known ORF, but the function is unknown. The rhtC gene may be obtained by PCR or hybridization using oligonucleotides based on the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. By using oligonucleotides having nucleotide sequence corresponding to a upstream region from nucleotide number 187 and a downstream region from the nucleotide number 804 in SEQ ID NO: 3 as the primers for PCR, the entire coding region can be amplified.

In the present invention, the DNA coding for the RhtB protein of the present invention may code for the RhtB protein which includes deletion, substitution, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acids at one or a plurality of positions, provided that the Rh activity of the RhtB protein encoded thereby is maintained. Similarly, the DNA coding for the RhtC protein of the present invention may code for RhtC protein which includes deletion, substitution, insertion, or addition of one or several amino acids at one or a plurality of positions, provided that the Rt activity of the RhtC protein encoded thereby is maintained.

The DNA which codes for substantially the same protein as the RhtB or RhtC protein as described above, may be obtained, for example, by modifying the nucleotide sequence, for example, by means of the site-directed mutagenesis method so that one or more amino acid residues at a specified site have a deletion, substitution, insertion, or addition. DNA modified as described above may be obtained by conventionally known mutation treatments. Such treatments include a method for treating a DNA coding for the RhtB protein or RhtC protein in vitro, for example, with hydroxylamine, and a method for treating a microorganism, for example, a bacterium, belonging to the genus Escherichia harboring a DNA coding for the RhtB protein with ultraviolet irradiation or a mutating agent such as N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and nitrous acid typically used for such mutation treatments.

The DNA which codes for substantially the same protein as the RhtB or RhtC protein can by obtained by expressing a DNA subjected to an in vitro mutation treatment as described above in multiple copies in an appropriate cell, investigating the resistance to homoserine or threonine, and selecting DNAs which increase the resistance.

It is generally known that an amino acid sequence of a protein and a nucleotide sequence coding for it may be slightly different between species, strains, mutants or variants.

Therefore, the DNA which codes for substantially the same protein as the RhtC protein, can be obtained by isolating a DNA which hybridizes with DNA having, for example, a nucleotide sequence of the numbers 187 to 804 of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a probe obtainable therefrom under stringent conditions, and which codes for a protein having Rt activity from a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia which is subjected to mutation treatment, or a spontaneous mutant or a variant of a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia.

Also, the DNA, which codes for substantially the same protein as the RhtB protein, can be obtained by isolating a DNA which hybridizes with DNA having, for example, a nucleotide sequence of the nucleotide numbers 557 to 1171 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a probe obtainable therefrom under stringent conditions, and which codes for a protein having the Rh activity, from a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia which is subjected to mutation treatment, or a spontaneous mutant or a variant of a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia.

The term “stringent conditions” referred to herein is a condition under which a so-called specific hybrid is formed, and a non-specific hybrid is not formed. It is difficult to clearly express this using a numerical value. However, for example, stringent conditions include a condition under which DNAs having high homology, for example, DNAs having homology of not less than 70% to each other are able to hybridize, and DNAs having homology to each other lower than the above are not able to hybridize. Alternatively, stringent conditions are exemplified by a condition under which DNA's are hybridized to each other at a salt concentration corresponding to an ordinary condition of washing in Southern hybridization, i.e., 60° C., 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, preferably 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS.

<2> Bacterium Belonging to the Genus Escherichia of the Present Invention

The bacterium belonging the genus Escherichia of the present invention may belong to the genus Escherichia and have enhanced Rt activity. A preferred embodiment of the bacterium of the present invention is a bacterium which has further enhanced Rh activity. A bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia is exemplified by Escherichia coli. The Rt activity can be enhanced by, for example, amplification of the copy number of the rhtC structural gene in a cell, or transformation of a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia with a recombinant DNA including the rhtC structural gene ligated to a promoter sequence which functions efficiently in a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia. The Rt activity can be also enhanced by substitution of the promoter sequence of the rhtC gene on a chromosome with a promoter sequence which functions efficiently in a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia.

Furthermore, the Rh activity can be enhanced by, for example, amplification of the copy number of the rhtB structural gene in a cell, or transformation of a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia with recombinant DNA including the rhtB structural gene ligated to a promoter sequence which functions efficiently in a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia. The Rh activity can be also enhanced by substitution of the promoter sequence of the rhtB gene on a chromosome with a promoter sequence which functions efficiently in a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia.

The amplification of the copy number of the rhtC structural gene or rhtB structural gene in a cell can be performed by introduction of a multicopy vector which carries the rhtC structural gene or rhtB structural gene into a bacterial cell belonging to the genus Escherichia. Specifically, the copy number can be increased by introduction of a plasmid, a phage, or a transposon (Berg, D. E. and Berg, C. M., Bio/Technol., 1, 417 (1983)) which carries the rhtC or rhtB structural gene into a cell of a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia.

The multicopy vector is exemplified by plasmid vectors such as pBR322, pMW118, pUC19, or the like, and phage vectors such as λ1059, λBF101, M13mp9, or the like. The transposon is exemplified by Mu, Tn10, Tn5, or the like.

The introduction of a DNA into a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia can be performed, for example, by a method of D. M. Morrison (Methods in Enzymology, 68, 326 (1979)), or a method in which a recipient bacterial cell is treated with calcium chloride to increase the permeability of DNA (Mandel, M. And Higa, A., J. Mol. Biol., 53, 159, (1970)) and the like.

If the Rt activity, or both the Rt activity and the Rh activity is enhanced in an amino acid-producing bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia as described above, the amount of the amino acid produced can be increased. As the bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia of the present invention, strains which have an inherent ability to produce desired amino acids can be used. Furthermore, the ability to produce an amino acid may be imparted to a bacterium of the present invention.

On the basis of the rhtC DNA fragment amplification, the new strains E. coli MG442/pRhtC which is able to produce homoserine; E. coli MG442/pVIC40,pRhtC which is able to produce threonine; E. coli NZ10/pRhtBC and E. coli NZ10/pRhtB, pRhtC which are able to produce homoserine, valine, and leucine, were obtained. These strains are able to cause accumulation of these amino acids in a higher amount than those containing no amplified rhtC DNA fragment.

The new strains have been deposited (according to the Budapest Treaty) in the All-Russian Collection for Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM). The strain E. coli MG442/pRhtC was granted accession number VKPM B-7700; the strain E. coli MG442/pVIC40,pRhtC was granted accession number VKPM B-7680; the strain E. coli NZ10/pRhtB, pRhtC was granted accession number VKPM B-7681, and the strain E. coli NZ10/pRhtBC was granted accession number VKPM B-7682.

The strain E. coli MG442/pRhtC (VKPM B-7700) exhibits the following culture, morphological, and biochemical features.

Cytomorphology:

Gram-negative weakly-motile rods having rounded ends. Longitudinal size: 1.5 to 2 μm.

Culture Features: Beef-Extract Agar:

After 24 hours of growth at 37° C., round whitish semitransparent colonies 1.0 to 3 mm in diameter are produced, featuring a smooth surface, regular or slightly wavy edges, a slightly raised center, a homogeneous structure, a pastelike consistency, and are readily emulsifiable.

Luria's Agar:

After a 24-hour growth at 37° C., whitish semitranslucent colonies 1.5 to 2.5 mm in diameter develop which have a smooth surface, homogeneous structure, pastelike consistency, and are readily emulsifiable.

Minimal Agar-Doped Medium M9:

After 40 to 48 hours of growth at 37° C., colonies 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter form, which are colored grayish-white, semitransparent, slightly convex, and with a lustrous surface.

Growth in a Beef-Extract Broth:

After a 24-hour growth at 37° C., strong uniform cloudiness, having a characteristic odor is observed.

Physiological and Biochemical Features—

Grows upon thrust inoculation in a beef-extract agar: Exhibits good growth throughout the inoculated area. The microorganism proves to be a facultative anaerobe.

It does not liquefy gelatin.

Features a good growth on milk, accompanied by milk coagulation.

Does not produce indole.

Temperature conditions: Grows on beef-extract broth at 20-42° C., an optimum temperature of within 33-37° C.

pH value of culture medium: Grows on liquid media having a pH from 6 to 8, an optimum value being 7.2.

Carbon sources: Exhibits good growth on glucose, fructose, lactose, mannose, galactose, xylose, glycerol, mannitol to produce an acid and gas.

Nitrogen sources: Assimilates nitrogen in the form of ammonium, nitric acid salts, as well as from some organic compounds.

Resistant to ampicillin. L-isoleucine is used as a growth factor. However, the strain can grow slowly without isoleucine.

Content of plasmids: The cells contain the multicopy hybrid plasmid pRhtC which ensures resistance to ampicillin (100 mg/l) and carries the rhtC gene responsible for the increased resistance to threonine (50 mg/ml). The strain E. coli MG442/pVIC40, pRhtC (VKPM B-7680) has the same culture, morphological, and biochemical features as the strain VKPM B-7700 except that in addition to pRhtC, it contains a multicopy hybrid plasmid pVIC40 which ensures resistance to streptomycin (100 mg/l) and carries the genes of the threonine operon.

The E. coli NZ10/pRhtB, pRhtC (VKPM B-7681) strain has the same culture, morphological, and biochemical features as the strain VKPM B-7700 except that L-threonine (0.1-5 mg/ml) is used as a growth factor instead of L-isoleucine. Furthermore, it contains a multicopy hybrid plasmid pRhtB which ensures resistance to kanamycin (50 mg/l) and carries the rhtB gene which confers resistance to homoserine (10 mg/ml) The E. coli NZ10/pRhtBC, (VKPM B-7682) strain has the same culture, morphological, and biochemical features as the strain VKPM B-7681 except that it contains a multicopy hybrid plasmid pRhtBC which ensures resistance to ampicillin (100 mg/l) and carries both the rhtB and rhtC genes which confer resistance to L-homoserine (10 mg/ml) and L-threonine (50 mg/ml).

<3> Method for Producing an Amino Acid

An amino acid can be efficiently produced by cultivating the bacterium in which the Rt activity, or both the Rt and Rh activity, is enhanced by amplifying a copy number of the rhtC gene, or both the rhtC and rhtB gene, as described above, and which has an ability to produce the amino acid in a culture medium, producing and causing accumulation of the amino acid in the medium, and recovering the amino acid from the medium. The amino acid is exemplified preferably by L-homoserine, L-threonine, and branched chain amino acids. The branched chain amino acids may be exemplified by L-valine, L-leucine, and L-isoleucine, and preferably exemplified by L-valine, L-leucine.

In the method of present invention, the cultivation of the bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia, and the collection and purification of amino acids from the liquid medium may be performed in a manner similar to conventional methods for producing an amino acid by fermentation using a bacterium. A medium used in cultivation may be either a synthetic or a natural medium, so long as the medium includes a carbon and a nitrogen source and minerals and, if necessary, nutrients which the chosen bacterium requires for growth in appropriate amount. The carbon source may include various carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose, and various organic acids. Depending on the assimilatory ability of the chosen bacterium, alcohol including ethanol and glycerol may be used. As the nitrogen source, ammonia, various ammonium salts as ammonium sulfate, other nitrogen compounds such as amines, a natural nitrogen source such as peptone, soybean hydrolyzate and digested fermentative microbe can be used. As minerals, monopotassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, calcium carbonate can be used.

The cultivation is preferably under aerobic conditions, such as a shaking with aeration, and stirring. The temperature of the culture is usually 20 to 40° C., preferably 30 to 38° C. The pH of the culture is usually between 5 and 9, preferably between 6.5 and 7.2. The pH of the culture can be adjusted with ammonia, calcium carbonate, various acids, various bases, and buffers. Usually, an 1 to 3-day cultivation leads to the accumulation of the target amino acid in the medium.

Recovering the amino acid can be performed by removing solids such as cells from the medium by centrifugation or membrane filtration after cultivation, and then collecting and purifying the target amino acid by ion exchange, concentration and crystalline fraction methods and the like.

The present invention will be more concretely explained below with reference to the following non-limiting Examples. In the Examples, an amino acid is of L-configuration unless otherwise noted.

Example 1 Obtaining of the rhtB and rhtC DNA Fragments

Step 1. Cloning of the Genes Involved in Resistance to Homoserine and Threonine into Mini-Mu Phagemid

The genes involved in resistance to homoserine and threonine were cloned in vivo using mini-Mu d5005 phagemid (Groisman, E. A., et al., J. Bacteriol., 168, 357-364 (1986)). MuCts62 lysogen of the strain MG442 (Guayatiner et al., Genetika (in Russian), 14, 947-956 (1978)) was used as a donor. Freshly prepared lysate was used to infect a Mucts lysogenic derivative of strain VKPM B-513 (Hfr K10 metB). The cells were plated on M9 glucose minimal medium with methionine (50 μg/ml), kanamycin (40 μg/ml), and homoserine (10 μg/ml). Colonies which appeared after 48 hr were picked and isolated. Plasmid DNA was isolated and used to transform the strain VKPM B-513 by standard techniques. Transformants were selected on L-broth agar plates with kanamycin as above. Plasmid DNA was isolated from those which were resistance to homoserine, and the structure of the inserted fragments was analyzed by restriction mapping. It appeared that two types of inserts from different chromosome regions had been cloned from the donor. Thus, at least two different genes exist in E. coli that, when in multicopy, impart resistance to homoserine. One of the inserts is the rhtA gene which has already reported (ABSTRACT of 17th International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in conjugation with 1997 Annual Meeting at the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, San Francisco, Calif. Aug. 24-29, 1997). The other of the two inserts, a MluI-MluI fragment of 0.8 kb, imparts only the resistance to homoserine (FIG. 1).

Step 2: Identification of rhtB and rhtC Gene

The insert fragment was sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method of Sanger. Both DNA strands were sequenced in their entirety and all junctions were overlapped. The sequencing showed that the insert fragment included f138 (nucleotide numbers 61543 to 61959 of GenBank accession number M87049) which was a known ORF (open reading frame) of unknown function present at 86 min of E. coli chromosome and about 350 bp of an upstream region thereof (downstream region in the sequence of M87049). The f138 had only 160 nucleotides in the 5′-flanking region and could not impart the resistance to homoserine. No termination codon is present upstream of the ORF f138 between 62160 and 61950 nucleotides of M87049. Furthermore, one ATG is present which follows a sequence which has been predicted to be a ribosome binding site. The larger ORF (nucleotide numbers 62160 to 61546) is designated as the rhtB gene. The deduced RhtB protein has a region which is highly hydrophobic and contains possible transmembrane segments.

As described below, the plasmid containing this gene conferred upon cells only resistance to high concentrations of homoserine. Since the initial SacII-SacII DNA fragment contained the second unidentified ORF, 0128, the gene was subcloned and tested for its ability to confer resistance to homoserine and threonine. It proved that the plasmid containing o128 (ClaI-Eco47III fragment) conferred resistance to 50 mg/ml threonine (FIG. 1). The subcloned fragment was sequenced and found to contain an additional nucleotide (G) in the position between the 61213 and 61214 nucleotides of M87049. The nucleotide addition to the sequence eliminated a frame shift and enlarged the ORF into the 5′-flanking region up to the 60860 nucleotide. This new gene was designated rhtC. Both the rhtB and rhtC genes were found to be homologous to a transporter involved in lysine export of Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Example 2 The Effect of Amplification of the rhtB and rhtC Genes on Homoserine Production

<1> Construction of the L-Homoserine-Producing Strain E. coli NZ10/pAL4, pRhtB, and Homoserine Production

The rhtB gene was inserted into plasmid pUK21 (Vieira, J. And Messing, J., Gene, 100, 189-194 (1991)), to obtain pRhtB (FIG. 2).

Strain NZ10 of E. coli was transformed by plasmid pAL4 which is a pBR322 vector into which the thrA gene coding for aspartokinase-homoseine dehydrogenase I has been inserted, to obtain the strains NZ10/pAL4. The strain NZ10 is a leuB⁺-reverted mutant thrB⁻ obtained from the E. coli strain C600 (thrB, leuB) (Appleyard R. K., Genetics, 39, 440-452, 1954).

The strain NZ10/pAL4 was transformed with pUK21 or pRhtB to obtain strains NZ10/pAL4,pUK21 and NZ10/pAL4, pRhtB.

The thus obtained transformants were each cultivated at 37° C. for 18 hours in a nutrient broth with 50 mg/l kanamycin and 100 mg/l ampicillin, and 0.3 ml of the obtained culture was inoculated into 3 ml of fermentation medium having the following composition and containing 50 mg/l kanamycin and 100 mg/l ampicillin, in a 20×200 mm test tube, and cultivated at 37° C. for 48 hours with a rotary shaker. After the cultivation, an accumulated amount of homoserine in the medium and an absorbance at 560 nm of the medium were determined by known methods.

Fermentation Medium Composition (g/L):

Glucose 80

(NH₄)₂SO₄ 22

K₂HPO₄ 2

NaCl 0.8

MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.8

FeSO₄.7H₂O 0.02

MnSO₄.5H₂O 0.02

Thiamine hydrochloride 0.2

Yeast Extract 1.0

CaCO₃ 30

(CaCO₃ was separately sterilized)

The results are shown in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the strain NZ10/pAL4,pRhtB was able to cause accumulation of homoserine in a larger amount than the strain NZ10/pAL4,pUK21 in which the rhtB gene was not enhanced.

TABLE 1 Accumulated amount Strain OD₅₆₀ of homoserine (g/L) NZ10/pAL4, pUK21 14.3 3.3 NZ10/pAL4, pRhtB 15.6 6.4

<2> Construction of the Homoserine-Producing Strain E. coli MG442/pRhtC and Homoserine Production

The rhtC gene was inserted into pUC21 vector (Vieira, J. And Messing, J., Gene, 100, 189-194 (1991)), to obtain pRhtC (FIG. 3).

The known E. coli strain MG442 which can produce threonine in an amount of not less than 3 g/L (Gusyatiner, et al., 1978, Genetika (in Russian), 14:947-956) was transformed by introducing pUC21 or pRhtC to obtain the strains MG442/pUC21 and MG442/pRhtC.

The thus obtained transformants were each cultivated at 37° C. for 18 hours in a nutrient broth with 100 mg/ml ampicillin, and 0.3 ml of the obtained culture was inoculated into 3 ml of the fermentation medium described above and containing 100 mg/ml ampicillin, in a 20×200 mm test tube, and cultivated at 37° C. for 48 hours with a rotary shaker. After the cultivation, an accumulated amount of homoserine in the medium and an absorbance at 560 nm of the medium were determined by known methods. The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Accumulated amount of Strain OD₅₆₀ homoserine (g/L) MG442/pUC21 9.7 <0.1 MG442/pRhtC 15.2 9.5

Example 3 The Effect of Amplification of the rhtB and rhtC Genes on Threonine Production

<1> Construction of the Threonine—Producing Strain E. coli VG442/pVIC40, pRhtB (VKPM B-7660) and Threonine Production

The strain MG442 was transformed by introducing the known plasmid pVIC40 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,107 (1992)) by an ordinary transformation method. Transformants were selected on LB agar plates containing 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin. Thus a novel strain MG442/pVIC40 was obtained.

The strain MG442/pVIC40 was transformed with pUK21 or pRhtB to obtain strain MG442/pVIC40,pUK21 and MG442/pVIC40,pRhtB.

The thus obtained transformants were each cultivated at 37° C. for 18 hours in a nutrient broth with 50 mg/l kanamycin and 100 mg/l streptomycin, and 0.3 ml of the obtained culture was inoculated into 3 ml of the fermentation medium described in Example 2 and containing 50 mg/l kanamycin and 100 mg/l streptomycin, in a 20×200 mm test tube, and cultivated at 37° C. for 68 hours with a rotary shaker. After the cultivation, an accumulated amount of threonine in the medium and an absorbance at 560 nm of the medium were determined by known methods.

The results are shown in Table 3. As shown in Table 3, the strain MG442/pVIC40,pRhtB was able to cause accumulation of threonine in a larger amount than the strain MG442/pVIC40,pUK21 in which the rhtB gene was not enhanced.

TABLE 3 Accumulated amount Strain OD₅₆₀ of threonine (g/L) MG442/pVIC40, pUK21 16.3 12.9 MG442/pVIC40, pRhtB 15.2 16.3

<2> Construction of the Threonine-Producing Strain E. coli VG442/pVIC40, pRhtC (VKPM B-7680) and Threonine Production

The strain MG442/pVIC40 was transformed with pRhtC and pUC21. Thus the transformants MG442/pVIC40,pRhtC and MG442/pVIC40, pUC21 were obtained. In the sane manner as described above, MG442/pVIC40,pUC21 and MG442/pVIC40,pRhtC were each cultivated at 37° C. for 18 hours in a nutrient broth with 100 mg/l ampicillin and 100 mg/l streptomycin and 0.3 ml of the obtained culture was inoculated into 3 ml of the fermentation medium described above and containing 100 mg/l ampicillin and 100 mg/l streptomycin, in a 20×200 mm test tube, and cultivated at 37° C. for 46 hours with a rotary shaker. After the cultivation, an accumulated amount of threonine in the medium and an absorbance at 560 nm of the medium were determined by known methods.

The results are shown in Table 4. As shown in Table 4, the strain MG442/pVIC40,pRhtC was able to cause accumulation of threonine in a larger amount than the strain MG442/pVIC40,pUC21 in which the rhtC gene was not enhanced.

TABLE 4 Accumulated amount Strain OD₅₆₀ of threonine (g/L) MG442/pVIC40, pUC21 17.4 4.9 MG442/pVIC40, pRhtC 15.1 10.2

Example 4 Combined Effect of the rhtB Gene and rhtC Gene on Amino Acid Production

The SacII-SacII DNA fragment containing both the rhtB and rhtC genes was inserted into pUC21. Thus the plasmid pRhtBC was obtained which harbors the rhtB and rhtC gene (FIG. 4).

Then, the strain NZ10 was transformed with pUC21, pRhtB, pRhtC or pRhtBC, and the transformants NZ10/pUC21 (VKPM B-7685), NZ10/pRhtB (VKPM B-7683), NZ10/pRhtC (VKPM B-7684), NZ10/pRhtB, pRhtC (VKPM B-7681) and NZ10/pRhtBC (VKPM B-7682) were thus obtained.

The transformants obtained above were cultivated in the same manner as described above and the accumulated amounts of various amino acids in the medium and an absorbance at 540 nm of the medium were determined by known methods.

The results are shown in Table 5. It follows from Table 5 that there is a combined effect of the pRhtB and pRhtC on production of homoserine, valine and leucine. These results indicate that the rhtB and rhtC gene products may interact in cells.

TABLE 5 Homoserine Valine Leucine Strain OD₅₆₀ (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) NZ10/pUC21 18.7 0.6 0.22 0.16 NZ10/pRhtB 19.6 2.3 0.21 0.14 NZ10/pRhtC 20.1 0.7 0.2 0.15 NZ10/pRhtBC 21.8 4.2 0.34 0.44 NZ10/pRhtB, pRhtC 19.2 4.4 0.35 0.45

Example 5 Effect of the rhtB Gene and rhtC Gene on Resistance to Amino Acids

As described above, the plasmids harboring the rhtB and rhtC have a positive effect on the accumulation of some amino acids in culture broth by different strains. It proved that the pattern of accumulated amino acid was dependent on the strain genotype. The homology of the rhtB and rhtC gene products with the lysine transporter LysE of Corynebacterium glutamicum (Vrljic, M., Sahm, H. and Eggeling, L. (1996) Mol. Microbiol. 22, 815-826.) indicates the analogues function for these proteins.

Therefore, the effect of the pRhtB and pRhtC plasmids on susceptibility of the strain N99 which is a streptomycin-resistant (Str^(R)) mutant of the known strain W3350 (VKPM B-1557) to some amino acids and amino acid analogues was tested. Overnight broth cultures (10⁹ cfu/ml) of the strains N99/pUC21, N99pUK21, N99/pRhtB and N99/pRhtC were diluted 1:100 in M9 minimal medium and grown for 5 h in the same medium. Then the log phase cultures thus obtained were diluted and about 10⁴ viable cells were applied to well-dried test plates with M9 agar (2%) containing doubling increments of amino acids or analogues. Thus the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these compounds were examined.

The results are shown in Table 6. It follows from Table 6 that multiple copies of rhtB besides homoserine conferred increased resistance to α-amino-β-hydroxyvaleric-acid (AHVA) and S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (AEC), and 4-aza-DL-leucine; and multiple copies of rhtC gene besides threonine increased resistance to valine, histidine, and AHVA. This result indicates that of the presumed transporters, RhtB and RhtC, have specificity to several substrates (amino acids), or may show non-specific effects as a result of amplification.

TABLE 6 MIC (μg/ml) Substrate N99/pUC21* N99/pRhtB N99/pRhtC L-homoserine 1000 20000 1000 L-threonine 30000 40000 80000 L-valine 0.5 0.5 2.0 L-histidine 5000 5000 40000 AHVA 100 2000 15000 AEC 5 20 5 4-aza-DL-leucine 50 100 50 O-methyl-L- 20 20 20 threonine *The same data were obtain with N99/pUK21. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing the amino acid L-hormoserine or L-threonine, comprising the steps of: i) cultivating a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia, which has the ability to produce the amino acid, in a culture medium, to produce and accumulate the amino acid in the medium, and ii) recovering the amino acid from the medium, wherein L-threonine resistance of said bacterium is enhanced by increasing the activity of a protein in said bacterium, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of: (A) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; and (B) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, but which includes deletion, substitution, insertion or addition of one or several amino acids in the amino acid sequence, and which has the activity of conferring resistance to L-threonine to the bacterium, wherein the protein is encoded by a DNA selected from the group consisting of: (a) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotide numbers 187 to 804 in SEQ ID NO: 3; (b) a DNA which hybridizes with a nucleotide sequence of nucleotide numbers 187 to 804 in SEQ ID NO: 3 under stringent conditions, and which encodes a protein having the activity of conferring resistance to L-threonine to the bacterium, wherein the stringent conditions comprise washing at 60° C. and at a salt concentration corresponding to 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the L-homoserine resistance of said bacterium is enhanced by increasing the activity of a protein in the bacterium, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of: (C) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; and (D) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, but which includes deletion, substitution, insertion or addition of one or several amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and which has the activity of making a bacterium having the protein L-homoserine-resistant.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the protein as defined in (C) or (D) is encoded by a DNA selected from the group consisting of: (c) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotide numbers 557 to 1171 in SEQ ID NO: 1; (d) a DNA which hybridizes with a nucleotide sequence of nucleotide numbers 557 to 1171 in SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions and which encodes a protein having the activity of conferring resistance to L-homoserine to the bacterium, wherein the stringent conditions comprise washing at 60° C., and at a salt concentration corresponding to 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS.
 4. A method for producing an amino acid, comprising the steps of: i) cultivating a bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia, which has the ability to produce the amino acid, in a culture medium, to produce and accumulate the amino add in the medium, and ii) recovering the amino acid from the medium, wherein L-threonine resistance of said bacterium is enhanced by increasing the activity of a protein in the bacterium, wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of: (A) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4; and (B) a protein which comprises the amino acid sequence including deletion, substitution, insertion or addition of one or several amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, and which has the activity of conferring resistance to L-threonine to bacterium, wherein the protein is encoded by a DNA selected from the group consisting of: (a) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotide numbers 187 to 804 in SEQ ID NO: 3; (b) a DNA which hybridizes with a nucleotide sequence of nucleotide numbers 187 to 804 in SEQ ID NO: 3 under stringent conditions and which encodes a protein having the activity of conferring resistance to L-threonine to the bacterium, wherein the stringent conditions comprise washing at 60° C. and at a salt concentration corresponding to 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS, and wherein the L-homoserine resistance of said bacterium is enhanced by increasing the activity of a protein in the bacterium, wherein said protein is selected from the group consisting of: (C) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; and (D) a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, but which includes deletion, substitution, insertion or addition of one or several amino acids in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and which has the activity of conferring resistance to L-homoserine to the bacterium.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said amino acid is branched chain amino acid.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said branched chain amino acid is L-valine or L-leucine.
 7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the protein as defined in (C) or (D) is encoded by a DNA selected from the group consisting of: (c) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of nucleotide numbers 557 to 1171 in SEQ ID NO: 1; (d) a DNA which hybridizes with a nucleotide sequence of nucleotide numbers 557 to 1171 in SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions and which encodes a protein having the activity of conferring resistance to L-homoserine to the bacterium, wherein the stringent conditions comprise washing at 60° C., and at a salt concentration corresponding to 1×SSC and 0.1% SDS. 